latest languages

Programming language evolution continues, in both industry and research. Some of the current trends include:

• Constructs to support concurrent and distributed programming.
• Mechanisms for adding security and reliability verification to the language: extended static checking, information flow control, static thread safety.
• Alternative mechanisms for modularity: mixins, delegates, aspects.
• Component-oriented software development.
• Metaprogramming, reflection or access to the abstract syntax tree
• Increased emphasis on distribution and mobility.
• Integration with databases, including XML and relational databases.
• Support for Unicode so that source code (program text) is not restricted to those characters contained in the ASCII character set; allowing, for example, use of non-Latin-based scripts or extended punctuation.
• XML for graphical interface (XUL, XAML).
• Open source as a developmental philosophy for languages, including the GNU compiler collection and recent languages such as Python, Ruby, and Squeak.

Some important languages developed during this period include:

• 2001 - C#
• 2001 - Visual Basic .NET
• 2002 - F#
• 2003 - Groovy
• 2003 - Scala
• 2003 - Factor
• 2007 - Clojure
• 2009 - Go
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• John Backus, inventor of Fortran.
• Alan Cooper, developer of Visual Basic.
• Edsger W. Dijkstra, developed the framework for structured programming.
• James Gosling, developer of Oak, the precursor of Java.
• Anders Hejlsberg, developer of Turbo Pascal, Delphi and C#.
• Grace Hopper, developer of Flow-Matic, influencing COBOL.
• Kenneth E. Iverson, developer of APL, and co-developer of J along with Roger Hui.
• Bill Joy, inventor of vi, early author of BSD Unix, and originator of SunOS, which became Solaris.
• Alan Kay, pioneering work on object-oriented programming, and originator of Smalltalk.
• Brian Kernighan, co-author of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages.
• John McCarthy, inventor of LISP.
• Bertrand Meyer, inventor of Eiffel.
• Robin Milner, inventor of ML, and sharing credit for Hindley–Milner polymorphic type inference.
• John von Neumann, originator of the operating system concept.
• Dennis Ritchie, inventor of C. Unix Operating System , Plan 9 Operating System.
• Nathaniel Rochester, inventor of first assembler (IBM 701)
• Bjarne Stroustrup, developer of C++.
• Ken Thompson, inventor of /B/ , Go Programming Language , Inferno Programming Language, and Unix Operating System co-autor.
• Niklaus Wirth, inventor of Pascal, Modula and Oberon.
• Larry Wall, creator of Perl and Perl 6
• Guido van Rossum, creator of Python
• Yukihiro Matsumoto, creator of Ruby
• Stephen Wolfram, creator of Mathematical