Programming language evolution continues, in both industry and research. Some of the current trends include:

• Constructs to support concurrent and distributed programming.
• Mechanisms for adding security and reliability verification to the language: extended static checking, information flow control, static thread safety.
• Alternative mechanisms for modularity: mixins, delegates, aspects.
• Component-oriented software development.
• Metaprogramming, reflection or access to the abstract syntax tree
• Increased emphasis on distribution and mobility.
• Integration with databases, including XML and relational databases.
• Support for Unicode so that source code (program text) is not restricted to those characters contained in the ASCII character set; allowing, for example, use of non-Latin-based scripts or extended punctuation.
• XML for graphical interface (XUL, XAML).
• Open source as a developmental philosophy for languages, including the GNU compiler collection and recent languages such as Python, Ruby, and Squeak.

Some important languages developed during this period include:

• 2001 - C#
• 2001 - Visual Basic .NET
• 2002 - F#
• 2003 - Groovy
• 2003 - Scala
• 2003 - Factor
• 2007 - Clojure
• 2009 - Go
•  
• John Backus, inventor of Fortran.
• Alan Cooper, developer of Visual Basic.
• Edsger W. Dijkstra, developed the framework for structured programming.
• James Gosling, developer of Oak, the precursor of Java.
• Anders Hejlsberg, developer of Turbo Pascal, Delphi and C#.
• Grace Hopper, developer of Flow-Matic, influencing COBOL.
• Kenneth E. Iverson, developer of APL, and co-developer of J along with Roger Hui.
• Bill Joy, inventor of vi, early author of BSD Unix, and originator of SunOS, which became Solaris.
• Alan Kay, pioneering work on object-oriented programming, and originator of Smalltalk.
• Brian Kernighan, co-author of the first book on the C programming language with Dennis Ritchie, coauthor of the AWK and AMPL programming languages.
• John McCarthy, inventor of LISP.
• Bertrand Meyer, inventor of Eiffel.
• Robin Milner, inventor of ML, and sharing credit for Hindley–Milner polymorphic type inference.
• John von Neumann, originator of the operating system concept.
• Dennis Ritchie, inventor of C. Unix Operating System , Plan 9 Operating System.
• Nathaniel Rochester, inventor of first assembler (IBM 701)
• Bjarne Stroustrup, developer of C++.
• Ken Thompson, inventor of /B/ , Go Programming Language , Inferno Programming Language, and Unix Operating System co-autor.
• Niklaus Wirth, inventor of Pascal, Modula and Oberon.
• Larry Wall, creator of Perl and Perl 6
• Guido van Rossum, creator of Python
• Yukihiro Matsumoto, creator of Ruby
• Stephen Wolfram, creator of Mathematical

Continue reading

• 1943 - Plankalkül (Konrad Zuse), designed, but unimplemented for a half-century
• 1943 - ENIAC coding system, machine-specific codeset appearing in 1948.^[2]
• 1949 - 1954 — a series of machine-specific mnemonic instruction sets, like ENIAC's, beginning in 1949 with C-10 for BINAC (which later evolved into UNIVAC).^[3] Each codeset, or instruction set, was tailored to a specific manufacturer.
•  
• 1951 - Regional Assembly Language
• 1952 - Autocode
• 1954 - FORTRAN
• 1954 - IPL (forerunner to LISP)
• 1955 - FLOW-MATIC (forerunner to COBOL)
• 1957 - COMTRAN (forerunner to COBOL)
• 1958 - LISP
• 1958 - ALGOL 58
• 1959 - FACT (forerunner to COBOL)
• 1959 - COBOL
• 1962 - APL
• 1962 - Simula
• 1962 - SNOBOL
• 1963 - CPL (forerunner to C)
• 1964 - BASIC
• 1964 - PL/I
• 1967 - BCPL (forerunner to C)
•  
• Simula, invented in the late 1960s by Nygaard and Dahl as a superset of Algol 60, was the first language designed to support object-oriented programming.
• C, an early systems programming language, was developed by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson at Bell Labs between 1969 and 1973.
• Smalltalk (mid 1970s) provided a complete ground-up design of an object-oriented language.
• Prolog, designed in 1972 by Colmerauer, Roussel, and Kowalski, was the first logic programming language.
• ML built a polymorphic type system (invented by Robin Milner in 1973) on top of Lisp, pioneering statically typed functional programming languages.
•  
• 1968 - Logo
• 1969 - B (forerunner to C)
• 1970 - Pascal
• 1970 - Forth
• 1972 - C
• 1972 - Smalltalk
• 1972 - Prolog
• 1973 - ML
• 1975 - Scheme
• 1978 - SQL (initially only a query language, later extended with programming 
•  
• 1980 - C++ (as C with classes, name changed in July 1983)
• 1983 - Objective-C
• 1983 - Ada
• 1984 - Common Lisp
• 1985 - Eiffel
• 1986 - Erlang
• 1987 - Perl
• 1988 - Tcl
• 1988 - Mathematica
• 1989 - FL (Backus
•  
• 1990 - Haskell
• 1991 - Python
• 1991 - Visual Basic
• 1993 - Ruby
• 1993 - Lua
• 1994 - CLOS (part of ANSI Common Lisp)
• 1995 - Java
• 1995 - Delphi (Object Pascal)
• 1995 - JavaScript
• 1995 - PHP
• 1997 - Rebol
• 1999 - D

Continue reading

Acorn Computers

• ARX
• Arthur
• RISC OS
• MOS
• Panos
• RISC iX

[edit]Amiga Inc.

• AmigaOS
  • AmigaOS 1.0-3.9 (68k)
  • AmigaOS 4 (PowerPC)
• Amiga Unix ((aka Amix))

[edit]Apollo Computer

• AEGIS
• Domain/OS One of the first network-based systems. Run on Apollo/Domain hardware. Later bought by Hewlett-Packard.
• vikek OS

[edit]Apple Inc.

For Apple II

• Apple DOS
• UCSD Pascal
• ProDOS
• GS/OS

For Apple III

• SOS (Sophisticated Operating System)

For Apple Lisa

• Lisa OS

For Apple Newton

• Newton OS

Classic Mac OS

• System Software 1
• System Software 2
• System Software 3
• System Software 4
• System Software 5
• System 6
• System 7 (codenamed "Big Bang")
• Mac OS 8
• Mac OS 9

Unix-like operating systems

• For Macintosh Computers
  • For 68k CPUs
    • A/UX
  • For PowerPC CPUs
    • MkLinux
      • Mac OS X v10.0 (aka "Cheetah")
      • Mac OS X v10.1 (aka "Puma")
      • Mac OS X v10.2 (aka "Jaguar")
      • Mac OS X v10.3 (aka "Panther")
  • For PowerPC and Intel CPUs
    • Mac OS X
      • Mac OS X v10.4 (aka "Tiger")
      • Mac OS X v10.5 (aka "Leopard")
  • For Intel CPUs
    • Mac OS X
      • Mac OS X v10.6 (aka "Snow Leopard")
      • Mac OS X v10.7 (aka "Lion")
      • Mac OS X Server
• For iPhone/iPod Touch/iPad/Apple TV
  • iOS

[edit]Atari

• Atari DOS (for 8-bit computers)
• Atari TOS
• Atari MultiTOS

[edit]BAE Systems

• XTS-400

[edit]Be Inc.

• BeOS
  • BeIA
  • BeOS r5.1d0
    • magnussoft ZETA (based on BeOS r5.1d0 source code, developed by yellowTAB)

[edit]Bell Labs

• Unics ("Ken's new system," for its creator (Ken Thompson), officially Unics and then Unix, the prototypic operating system created in Bell Labs in 1969 that formed the basis for the Unix family of operating systems)
  • UNIX Time-Sharing System v1
  • UNIX Time-Sharing System v2
  • UNIX Time-Sharing System v3
  • UNIX Time-Sharing System v4
  • UNIX Time-Sharing System v5
  • UNIX Time-Sharing System v6
    • MINI-UNIX
    • PWB/UNIX
      • USG
        • CB Unix
  • UNIX Time-Sharing System v7 (It is from Version 7 Unix (and, to an extent, its descendants listed below) that almost all Unix-based and Unix-like operating systems descend.)
    • Unix System III
    • Unix System IV
    • Unix System V
      • Unix System V Releases 2.0, 3.0, 3.2, 4.0, and 4.2
  • UNIX Time-Sharing System v8
  • UNIX TIme-Sharing System v9
  • UNIX Time-Sharing System v10

Non-Unix Operating Systems:

• BESYS
• Plan 9 from Bell Labs

[edit]Bull SAS

• GCOS

[edit]Burroughs Corporation

• Burroughs MCP

[edit]Control Data Corporation

• COS (Chippewa Operating System)
  • SIPROS (for Simultaneous Processing Operating System)
  • SCOPE (Supervisory Control Of Program Execution)
  • MACE (Mansfield and Cahlander Executive)
    • Kronos (Kronographic OS)
      • NOS (Network Operating System)
        • NOS/BE NOS Batch Environment
• EP/IX (Enhanced Performance Unix)

[edit]Convergent Technologies

• Convergent Technologies Operating System (later acquired by Unisys)

[edit]Data General

• RDOS Real-time Disk Operating System, with variants: RTOS and DOS (not related to IBM PC DOS).
• AOS for 16-bit Data General Eclipse computers and AOS/VS for 32-bit (MV series) Eclipses, MP/AOS for microNOVA-based computers
• DG/UX

[edit]DataPoint

• CTOS Z-80 based, Cassette Tape Operating System for early desktop systems. Capable of up to 8 simultaneous users. Replaced by DataPoint DOS.
• DOS Intel 808x/80x86-based, Disk Operating Systems for desktop systems. Capable of up to 32 users per node. Supported a sophisticated network of nodes that were often purpose-built. The name DOS was used in these products login screens before it was popularized by IBM, Microsoft and others.

[edit]DDC-I, Inc.

• Deos Time & Space Partitioned RTOS, Certified to DO-178B, Level A since 1998
• HeartOS Posix-based Hart Real-Time Operating System

[edit]Digital Research, Inc.

• CP/M CP/M for Intel 8080/8085 and Zilog Z80
  • Personal CP/M, a refinement of CP/M 2.2 with BDOS 2.8
  • CP/M Plus with BDOS 3.0
• CP/M-68K CP/M for Motorola 68000
• CP/M-8000 CP/M for Zilog Z8000
• CP/M-86 CP/M for Intel 8088/8086
  • CP/M-86 Plus
  • Personal CP/M-86

• MP/M Multi-user version of CP/M-80
  • MP/M II
• MP/M-86 Multi-user version of CP/M-86
  • MP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of MP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.

• Concurrent CP/M, the successor of CP/M-80 and MP/M-80
• Concurrent CP/M-86, the successor of CP/M-86 and MP/M-86
  • Concurrent CP/M 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent CP/M for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.
• Concurrent CP/M-68K, a variant for the 68000K

• Concurrent DOS, the successor of Concurrent CP/M-86 with PC-MODE
  • Concurrent PC DOS, a Concurrent DOS variant for IBM compatible PCs
  • Concurrent DOS 8-16, a dual-processor variant of Concurrent DOS for 8086 and 8080 CPUs.
  • Concurrent DOS 286
  • Concurrent DOS XM, a real-mode variant of Concurrent DOS with EEMS support
  • Concurrent DOS 386
    • Concurrent DOS 386/MGE, a Concurrent DOS 386 variant with advanced graphics terminal capabilities
• Concurrent DOS 68K, a port of Concurrent DOS to Motorola 68000 CPUs with DOS source code portability capabilities

• FlexOS 1.0 - 2.x, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 286
  • FlexOS 186, a variant of FlexOS for terminals
  • FlexOS 286, a variant of FlexOS for hosts
  • FlexOS 386, a later variant of FlexOS for hosts
  • FlexOS 68K, a derivative of Concurrent DOS 68K

• Multiuser DOS, the successor of Concurrent DOS 386
  • (Datapac System Manager, a derivative of Multiuser DOS)
  • (IMS REAL/32, a derivative of Multiuser DOS)
    • (IMS REAL/NG, the successor of REAL/32)

• DOS Plus, 1.2 - 2.1, a single-user, multi-tasking system derived from Concurrent DOS 4.1 - 5.0

• DR DOS 3.31 - 6.0, a single-user, single-tasking native DOS derived from Concurrent DOS 6.0
  • (Novell PalmDOS 1.0)
  • (Novell DOS 7), a single-user, multi-tasking system derived from DR DOS
  • (Caldera OpenDOS 7.01)
  • (Caldera DR-DOS 7.02 and higher)

[edit]Digital/Tandem Computers/Compaq/HP

• OS/8
• ITS (for the PDP-6 and PDP-10)
• Multi-Programming Executive (from HP)
• TOPS-10 (for the PDP-10)
• WAITS (for the PDP-6 and PDP-10)
• TENEX (from BBN, for the PDP-10)
• TOPS-20 (for the PDP-10)
• RSTS/E (multi-user time-sharing OS for PDP-11s)
• RSX-11 (multiuser, multitasking OS for PDP-11s)
• RT-11 (single user OS for PDP-11)
• VMS (originally by DEC, now by HP) for the VAX mini-computer range, Alpha and Intel Itanium 2; later renamed OpenVMS)
• Domain/OS (originally Aegis, from Apollo Computer who were bought by HP)
• RTE HP's Real Time Executive (ran on the HP 1000)
• TSB HP's Time Share Basic (yes, it was an operating system, ran on the HP 2000 series)
• Digital UNIX (derived from OSF/1, became HP's Tru64 UNIX)
• HP-UX
• Ultrix
• NonStop Kernel (Originally from Tandem Computers for their line of fault-tolerant platforms; originally called Guardian). It supports concurrent execution of:
  • Guardian
  • OSS (POSIX-compliant Open System Services)

[edit]ENEA AB

• OSE Flexible, small footprint, high-performance RTOS for control processors
• OSEck Small footprint, scalable, high-performance RTOS for DSPs
• OSE ε Small footprint, scalable, high-performance RTOS for microcontrollers

[edit]Fujitsu

• Towns OS

[edit]Google

Android 4.0.1 on the Galaxy Nexus

• Google Chrome OS is designed to work exclusively with web applications. Announced on July 7, 2009, Chrome OS is currently publicly available and was released summer 2011. The Chrome OS source code was released on November 19, 2009 under the BSD license as Chromium OS.

• Chromium OS is an open source operating system development version of Google Chrome OS. Both operating systems are based on the Ubuntu operating system.

• Android is an operating system for mobile devices. Android is based in Linux core.

[edit]Green Hills Software

• INTEGRITY Reliable Operating system
• INTEGRITY-178B A DO-178B certified version of INTEGRITY.
• µ-velOSity A lightweight microkernel.

[edit]Heathkit/Zenith Data Systems

• HDOS; ran on the H8 and Heath/Zenith Z89 series
• HT-11 (a modified version of RT-11) ran on the Heathkit H11

[edit]Hewlett-Packard

• HP Real-Time Executive; ran on HP1000 series computers.
• HP Multi-Programming Executive; (MPE, MPE/XL, and MPE/iX) runs on HP 3000 and HP e3000 mini-computers.
• HP-UX; runs on HP9000 and Itanium servers - from small to mainframe-class computers.
• HP MIE (Mobile Internet Experience); ran on the HP Mini 100

[edit]Honeywell

• OLERT-E; Online Executive for Real Time. Ran on Honeywell DDP-516 computers.
• Multics
• GCOS
• HeartOS
• DEOS

[edit]Intel Corporation

• iRMX; real-time operating system originally created to support the Intel 8080 and 8086 processor families in embedded applications.
• ISIS-II; "Intel Systems Implementation Supervisor" was THE environment for development of software within the Intel microprocessor family in the early 1980s on their Intellec Microcomputer Development System and clones. ISIS-II worked with 8 inch floppy disks and had an editor, cross-assemblers, a linker, an object locator, debugger, compilers for PLM (PL/I for microprocessors of the 8080/86 family), a BASIC interpreter, etc. and allowed file management through a console.

[edit]IBM

Further information: History of IBM mainframe operating systems

[edit]On early IBM mainframes (1400, 1800, 701, 704, 709, 7090, and 7094)

• BESYS (for the IBM 7090)
• CTSS (The Compatible Time-Sharing System, developed at MIT's Computation Center for use on a modified IBM 7094)
• GM OS & GM-NAA I/O (for the IBM 704)
• IBSYS (tape based operating system for IBM 7090 and IBM 7094)
• IJMON (A bootable serial I/O monitor for loading programs for IBM 1400 and IBM 1800)
• SOS (SHARE Operating System, for the IBM 704 and 709)
• UMES (University of Michigan Executive System, for the IBM 704, 709, and 7090)

[edit]On IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes

• OS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
  • OS/360 (first official OS targeted for the System/360 architecture),
    Saw customer installations of the following variations:
    • PCP (Primary Control Program, a kernel and a ground breaking automatic space allocating file system)
    • MFT (original Multi-programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, replaced by MFT II)
    • MFT II (Multi-Programming with a Fixed number of Tasks, had up to 15 fixed size application partitions, plus partitions for system tasks, initially defined at boot time but redefinable by operator command)
    • MVT (Multi-Programming Variable Tasks, had up to 15 application regions defined dynamically, plus additional regions for system tasks)
  • OS/VS (port of OS/360 targeted for the System/370 virtual memory architecture, "OS/370" is not correct name for OS/VS1 and OS/VS2, but rather refers to OS/VS2 MVS and MVS/SP Version 1),
    Customer installations in the following variations:
    • SVS (Single Virtual Storage, both VS1 & VS2 began as SVS systems)
    • OS/VS1 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 1, Virtual-memory version of MFT II)
    • OS/VS2 (Operating System/Virtual Storage 2, Virtual-memory version of OS/MVT but without multiprocessing support)
      • OS/VS2 R2 (called Multiple Virtual Storage, MVS, eliminated most need for VS1)
  • MVS/SE (MVS System Extensions)
  • MVS/SP (MVS System Product)
  • MVS/XA (MVS/SP V2. MVS supported eXtended Architecture, 31-bit addressing)
  • MVS/ESA (MVS supported Enterprise System Architecture, horizontal addressing extensions: data only address spaces called Dataspaces; a Unix environment was available starting with MVS/ESA V4R3)
  • OS/390 (Upgrade from MVS, with an additional Unix environment)
  • z/OS (OS/390 supported z/Architecture, 64-bit addressing)

• DOS/360 and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
  • BOS/360 (early interim version of DOS/360, briefly available at a few Alpha & Beta System/360 sites)
  • TOS/360 (similar to BOS above and more fleeting, able to boot and run from 2x00 series tape drives)
  • DOS/360 (Disk Operating System (DOS), multi-programming system with up to 3 partitions, first commonly available OS for System/360)
    • DOS/360/RJE (DOS/360 with a control program extension that provided for the monitoring of remote job entry hardware (card reader & printer) connected by dedicated phone lines)
  • DOS/VS (First DOS offered on System/370 systems, provided virtual storage)
  • DOS/VSE (also known as VSE, upgrade of DOS/VS, up to 14 fixed size processing partitions )
  • VSE/SP (program product replacing DOS/VSE and VSE/AF)
  • VSE/ESA (DOS/VSE extended virtual memory support to 32-bit addresses (Extended System Architecture)).
  • z/VSE (latest version of the four decades old DOS lineage, supports 64-bit addresses, multiprocessing, multiprogramming, SNA, TCP/IP, and some virtual machine features in support of Linux workloads)

CP/CMS (Control Program/Cambridge Monitor System) and successors on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes

• • CP-40/CMS (for System/360 Model 40)
  • CP-67/CMS (for System/360 Model 67)
  • VM/370 (Virtual Machine / Conversational Monitor System, virtual memory operating system for System/370)
  • VM/XA (VM/eXtended Architecture for System/370 with extended virtual memory)
  • VM/ESA (Virtual Machine / Extended System Architecture, added 31-bit addressing to VM series)
  • z/VM (z/Architecture version of the VM OS with 64-bit addressing)

Further information: History of CP/CMS

• TPF Line (Transaction Processing Facility) on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes (largely used by airlines)
  • ACP (Airline Control Program)
  • TPF (Transaction Processing Facility)
  • z/TPF (z/Architecture extension)

• Unix-like on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes
  • AIX/370 (IBM's Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
  • AIX/ESA (IBM's Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
  • OpenSolaris for IBM System z
  • UTS (developed by Amdahl)
  • z/Linux

• Others on IBM S/360, S/370, and successor mainframes:
  • BOS/360 (Basic Operating System)
  • MTS (Michigan Terminal System for IBM System/360)
  • RTOS/360 (IBM's Real Time Operating System, ran on 5 NASA custom System/360-75s)^[1]
  • TOS/360 (Tape Operating System)
  • TSS/360 (IBM's Time Sharing System)
  • MUSIC/SP (developed by McGill University for IBM System/370)
  • ORVYL and WYLBUR (developed by Stanford University for IBM System/360)

[edit]On IBM PC and Intel x86 based architectures

• PC DOS / IBM DOS
  • PC DOS 1.x, 2.x, 3.x (developed jointly with Microsoft)
  • IBM DOS 4.x, 5.0 (developed jointly with Microsoft)
  • PC DOS 6.x, 7, 2000

See also: MS-DOS and Windows

• OS/2
  • OS/2 1.x (developed jointly with Microsoft)
  • OS/2 2.x
  • OS/2 Warp 3
  • OS/2 Warp 4
  • eComStation (Warp 4.5/Workspace on Demand, rebundled by Serenity Systems International)

[edit]On other IBM hardware platforms

• IBM Series/1
  • EDX (Event Driven Executive)
  • RPS (Realtime Programming System)
  • CPS (Control Programming Support, subset of RPS)
  • SerIX (Unix on Series/1)

• IBM 1130
  • DMS (Disk Monitor System)

• IBM 1800
  • TSX (Time Sharing eXecutive)
  • MPX (Multi Programming eXecutive)

• IBM 8100
  • DPCX (Distributed Processing Control eXecutive)
  • DPPX (Distributed Processing Programming Executive)

• IBM System/3
  • DMS (Disk Management System)

• IBM System/34, IBM System/36
  • SSP (System Support Program)

• IBM System/38
  • CPF (Control Program Facility)

• IBM System/88
  • Stratus VOS (developed by Stratus, and used for IBM System/88, Original equipment manufacturer from Stratus)

• AS/400, iSeries, System i, Power Systems i Edition
  • OS/400 (descendant of System/38 CPF, include System/36 SSP environment)
  • i5/OS (extends OS/400 with significant interoperability features)
  • IBM i (extends i5/OS)

• UNIX on IBM POWER
  • AIX (Advanced Interactive eXecutive, a System V Unix version)
  • AOS (a BSD Unix version, not related to Data General AOS)

• Others
  • IBM Workplace OS (Microkernel based operating system, developed and canceled in 1990s)
  • K42 (open-source research operating system on PowerPC or x86 based cache-coherent multiprocessor systems)
  • Dynix (developed by Sequent, and used for IBM NUMA-Q too)

[edit]International Computers Limited

• J and MultiJob for the System 4 series mainframes
• GEORGE 2/3/4 GEneral ORGanisational Environment, used by ICL 1900 series mainframes
• Executive, used on the 290x range of minicomputers
• TME, used on the ME29 minicomputer
• ICL VME, including early variants VME/B VME/K, appearing on the ICL 2900 Series and Series 39 mainframes, implemented in S3.

[edit]LynuxWorks (originally Lynx Real-time Systems)

• LynxOS

[edit]Micrium Inc.

• MicroC/OS-II (Small pre-emptive priority based multi-tasking kernel)
• MicroC/OS-III (Small pre-emptive priority based multi-tasking kernel, with unlimited number of tasks and priorities, and round robin scheduling)

[edit]Microsoft

• Xenix (licensed version of Unix; licensed to SCO in 1987)
• MSX-DOS (developed by MS Japan for the MSX 8-bit computer)
• MS-DOS (developed jointly with IBM, versions 1.0–6.22)
  • Windows 1.0 (Windows 1 - Based on Visi-On) April 30, 1985
  • Windows 2.0 (Windows 2) December 9, 1987
  • Windows 3.0 (Windows 3 - Is the first version of Windows to make substantial commercial impact) May 22, 1990
  • Windows 3.1x (Windows 3.1) March 18, 1992
  • Windows 3.2 (Chinese-only release) November 19, 1992
  • Windows for Workgroups 3.11 January 21, 1993
  • Windows 95 (Windows 4) August 24, 1995
    • Windows 98 (Windows 4.1) June 25, 1998
    • Windows Millennium Edition (Windows Me - Windows 4.9) September 14, 2000
• Windows NT (Full 32-bit kernel, not dependent on MS-DOS)
  • Windows NT 3.1 July 27, 1993
  • Windows NT 3.5 September 21, 1994
  • Windows NT 3.51 May 30, 1995
  • Windows NT 4.0 July 31, 1996
  • Windows 2000 (Windows NT 5.0), February 17, 2000
  • Windows XP (Windows NT 5.1) October 25, 2001
  • Windows Server 2003 (Windows NT 5.2) April 24, 2003
  • Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs (based on Windows XP) July 8, 2006
  • Windows Vista (Windows NT 6.0) January 31, 2007
  • Windows Home Server (based on Windows Server 2003) February 28, 2008
  • Windows Server 2008 (based on Windows Vista) February 28, 2008
  • Windows 7 (Windows NT 6.1) October 22, 2009
  • Windows Server 2008 R2 (based on Windows 7) October 22, 2009
  • Windows Home Server 2011 (based on Windows Server 2008 R2) April 6, 2011
  • Windows 8 Developers Preview (First downloadable release) September 14, 2011
• Windows CE (OS for handhelds, embedded devices, and real-time applications that is similar to other versions of Windows) May 30, 2002
  • Windows CE 3.0 December 25, 2002
  • Windows CE 5.0 February 27, 2003
  • Windows CE 6.0 May 5, 2004
  • Windows Mobile (based on Windows CE, but for a smaller form factor) April 14, 2005
  • Windows Phone 7 October 21, 2010
• Singularity - A research operating system written mostly in managed code (C#) November 30, 2009
• Midori - A managed code operating system July 21, 2010
• Xbox and Xbox 360 OS custom operating systems May 12, 2005 and August 10, 2006

[edit]MontaVista Software

• MontaVista Linux
  • MontaVista Professional Edition
  • MontaVista Carrier Grade Edition
  • MontaVista Mobilinux

[edit]NCR Corporation

• TMX - Transaction Management eXecutive

[edit]Novell

• NetWare network operating system providing high-performance network services. Has been superseded by Open Enterprise Server line, which can be based on NetWare or Linux to provide the same set of services.
• Open Enterprise Server, the successor to NetWare.

[edit]Quadros Systems

• RTXC Quadros RTOS proprietary C-based RTOS used in embedded systems

[edit]QANTEL

• BEST - Business Executive System for Timesharing

[edit]RCA

• TSOS, first OS supporting virtual addressing of the main storage and support for both timeshare and batch interface

[edit]RoweBots

• Unison RTOS Ultra Tiny Embedded Linux Compatible RTOS
• DSPnano RTOS Ultra Tiny Embedded Linux Compatible RTOS
• Unison/Reliant V3 pSOS derivative RTOS

[edit]SCO / The SCO Group^[2]

• Xenix, Unix System III based distribution for the Intel 8086/8088 architecture
  • Xenix 286, Unix System V Release 2 based distribution for the Intel 80286 architecture
  • Xenix 386, Unix System V Release 2 based distribution for the Intel 80386 architecture
• SCO Unix, SCO UNIX System V/386 was the first volume commercial product licensed by AT&T to use the UNIX System trademark (1989). Derived from AT&T System V Release 3.2 with an infusion of Xenix device drivers and utilities plus most of the SVR4 features
  • SCO Open Desktop, the first 32-bit graphical user interface for UNIX Systems running on Intel processor-based computers. Based on SCO Unix
• SCO OpenServer 5, AT&T UNIX System V Release 3 based
• SCO OpenServer 6, SVR5 (UnixWare 7) based kernel with SCO OpenServer 5 application and binary compatibility, system administration, and user environments
• UnixWare
  • UnixWare 2.x, based on AT&T System V Release 4.2MP
  • UnixWare 7, UnixWare 2 kernel plus parts of 3.2v5 (UnixWare 2 + OpenServer 5 = UnixWare 7). Referred to by SCO as SVR5

[edit]SDS (Scientific Data Systems)

• CP Control Program. SDS later acquired by Xerox, then Honeywell.
• Berkeley Timesharing System for the SDS 940

[edit]SEL (Systems Engineering Laboratories)

• Real Time Monitor (RTM)
• MPX-32

[edit]SYSGO

• PikeOS is a certified real time operating system for safety and security critical embedded systems

[edit]TRON Project

• TRON (open real-time operating system kernel)
• T-Kernel

[edit]Unicoi Systems

• Fusion RTOS highly prolific, license free Real-time operating system.
• DSPOS was the original project which would become the royalty free Fusion RTOS.

[edit]Unisys

• Unisys OS 2200 operating system

[edit]UNIVAC (later Unisys)

• EXEC I
• EXEC II
• EXEC 8 Ran on 1100 series.
• VS/9, successor to RCA TSOS

[edit]Wang Laboratories

• 2200T Wang BASIC based system for the multi-user, 2200T systems. Products included a system called Personal Computer before the term was made more popular with IBM products.
• 2200VP/MVP Wang BASIC based system for the higher performance, 2200VP/MVP multi-user systems. Contained sophisticated micro-code programming for high performance operation.
• WPS Wang Word Processing System. Micro-code based system. Very clever and productive system developed by Harold Kaplow while at Wang. Eventually phased out by the PC and Word Perfect.
• OIS Wang Office Information System. Successor to the WPS. Combined the WPS and VP/MVP systems. Harold Kaplow was its principal architect. Eventually phased out by the 2200VS.
• 2200VS IBM assembler instruction set microcode emulation. Supported the Wang 2200VS high-performance, multi-user systems. Designed to be a COBOL developers dream machine. Included some of the OIS operating system code. Eventually phased out by the UNIX operating system.

[edit]Wind River Systems

• VxWorks Small footprint, scalable, high-performance RTO

[edit]Other

[edit]Lisp-based

• Symbolics Genera written in a systems dialect of the Lisp programming language called ZetaLisp and Symbolics Common Lisp. Genera was ported to a virtual machine for the DEC Alpha line of computers.
• Texas Instruments' Explorer Lisp machine workstations also had systems code written in Lisp Machine Lisp.
• The Xerox 1100 series of Lisp machines ran an operating system written in Interlisp that was also ported to virtual machine called "Medley."
• Lisp Machines, Inc. also known as LMI, also ran an operating system based on MIT's Lisp Machine Lisp.

[edit]Non-standard language-based

• The Mesa programming language was used to implement the Pilot operating system, used in Xerox Star workstations.
• PERQ Operating System (POS) was written in PERQ Pascal.

[edit]Other proprietary non-Unix-like

• Эльбрус-1 (Elbrus-1) and Эльбрус-2 used for application, job control, system programming [1], implemented in uЭль-76 (AL-76).
• EOS; developed by ETA Systems for use in their ETA-10 line of supercomputers
• EMBOS; developed by Elxsi for use on their mini-supercomputers
• GCOS is a proprietary Operating System originally developed by General Electric
• PC-MOS/386; DOS-like, but multiuser/multitasking
• SINTRAN III; an operating system used with Norsk Data computers.
• THEOS
• TRS-DOS; A floppy-disk-oriented OS supplied by Tandy/Radio Shack for their Z80-based line of personal computers.
• NewDos/80; A third-party OS for Tandy's TRS-80 personal computers.
• TX990/TXDS, DX10 and DNOS; proprietary operating systems for TI-990 minicomputers
• MAI Basic Four; An OS implementing Business Basic from MAI Systems.
• Michigan Terminal System; Developed by a group of American universities for IBM 360 series mainframes
• MUSIC/SP; an operating system developed for the S/370, running normally under VM
• SkyOS; commercial desktop OS for PCs
• TSX-32; a 32-bit operating system for x86 platform.
• OS ES; an operating system for ES EVM
• Prolog-Dispatcher; used to control Soviet Buran space ship.

[edit]Other proprietary Unix-like and POSIX-compliant

• Aegis (Apollo Computer)
• Amiga Unix (Amiga ports of Unix System V release 3.2 with Amiga A2500UX and SVR4 with Amiga A3000UX. Started in 1989, last version was in 1992)
• CLIX (Intergraph's System V implementation)
• Coherent (Unix-like OS from Mark Williams Co. for PC class computers)
• DC/OSx (DataCenter/OSx was an operating system for MIPS based systems developed by Pyramid Technology)
• DG/UX (Data General Corp)
• DNIX from DIAB
• DSPnano RTOS (POSIX nanokernel, DSP Optimized, Open Source)
• Idris workalike from Whitesmiths
• INTERACTIVE UNIX (a port of the UNIX System V operating system for Intel x86 by INTERACTIVE Systems Corporation)
• IRIX from SGI
• MeikOS
• NeXTSTEP (developed by NeXT; a Unix-based OS based on the Mach microkernel)
• OS-9 Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Motorola 6809 based microcomputers)
• OS9/68K Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Motorola 680x0 based microcomputers; based on OS-9)
• OS-9000 Unix-like RTOS. (OS from Microware for Intel x86 based microcomputers; based on OS-9, written in C)
• OSF/1 (developed into a commercial offering by Digital Equipment Corporation)
• OpenStep
• QNX (POSIX, microkernel OS; usually a real time embedded OS)
• Rhapsody (an early form of Mac OS X)
• RISC iX - Derived from BSD 4.3, by Acorn computers, for their ARM family of machines.
• RISC/os (a port by MIPS of 4.3BSD to the RISC MIPS architecture)
• RMX
• SCO UNIX (from SCO, bought by Caldera who renamed themselves SCO Group)
• SINIX (a port by SNI of Unix to the RISC MIPS architecture)
• Solaris (Sun's System V-based replacement for SunOS)
• SunOS (BSD-based Unix system used on early Sun hardware)
• SUPER-UX (a port of System V Release 4.2MP with features adopted from BSD and Linux for NEC SX architecture supercomputers)
• System V (a release of AT&T Unix, 'SVR4' was the 4th minor release)
• System V/AT, 386 (The first version of AT&T System V UNIX on the IBM 286 and 386 PCs, ported and sold by Microport)
• Trusted Solaris (Solaris with kernel and other enhancements to support multilevel security)
• UniFLEX (Unix-like OS from TSC for DMA-capable, extended addresses, Motorola 6809 based computers; e.g. SWTPC, GIMIX, …)
• Unicos (the version of Unix designed for Cray Supercomputers, mainly geared to vector calculations)
• Unison RTOS (Multicore RTOS with DSP Optimization)

[edit]Non-proprietary

[edit]Unix-like

[edit]Research Unix-like and other POSIX-compliant

• Minix (study OS developed by Andrew S. Tanenbaum in the Netherlands)
• Plan 9 (distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on original Unix design principles yet functionally different and going much further)
  • Inferno (distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs)
  • Plan B (distributed OS derived from Plan 9 and Off++ microkernel)
• Unix (OS developed at Bell Labs ca 1970 initially by Ken Thompson)
• Xinu, (Study OS developed by Douglas E. Comer in the USA)

[edit]Free and open source Unix-like

Ubuntu, an example of a Unix-like system

• BSD (Berkeley Software Distribution, a variant of Unix for DEC VAX hardware)
  • FreeBSD (one of the outgrowths of UC Regents' abandonment of CSRG's 'BSD Unix')
    • DragonFlyBSD forked from FreeBSD 4.8
  • NetBSD (one of the outgrowths of UC Regents' abandonment of CSRG's 'BSD Unix')
    • OpenBSD forked from NetBSD
• GNU
• μnix (concept unix-like operating system for ATMEL microcontrollers)
• Linux (GNU Free/Open Source Operating System Software combined with the Linux kernel)

See also: List of Linux distributions

• Darwin
• OpenSolaris, contains original Unix (SVR4) code. Now discontinued by Oracle in favor of Solaris 11 Express
• OpenIndiana, aims to continue development and distribution of OpenSolaris operating system. Operates under the Illumos Foundation. Uses the Illumos kernel, which is a derivative of OS/Net, which is basically a Solaris/OpenSolaris kernel with the bulk of the drivers, core libraries, and basic utilities.
• Nexenta OS, based on the OpenSolaris kernel with Ubuntu packages
• Jaris OS, based on OpenSolaris with support for Japanese
• RTEMS (Real-Time Executive for Multiprocessor Systems)
• SSS-PC, developed at Tokyo University
• Syllable Desktop
• VSTa
  • FMI/OS, successor of VSTa

[edit]Other Unix-like

• TUNIS (University of Toronto)

[edit]Non-Unix-like

[edit]Research non-Unix-like

• Amoeba (research OS by Andrew S. Tanenbaum)
• Croquet
• HelenOS research and experimental operating system
• House Haskell User's Operating System and Environment, research OS written in Haskell and C.
• ILIOS Research OS designed for routing
• EROS microkernel, capability-based
  • CapROS microkernel EROS successor.
  • Coyotos microkernel EROS successor, goal: be first formally verified OS.
• L4 Second generation microkernel
• Mach (from OS kernel research at Carnegie Mellon University; see NeXTSTEP)
• MONADS, capability-based OS designed to support the MONADS hardware projects
  • SPEEDOS (Secure Persistent Execution Environment for Distributed Object Systems) builds on MONADS ideas
• Nemesis Cambridge University research OS - detailed quality of service abilities.
• Spring (research OS from Sun Microsystems)
• Star-Blade (multipurpose OS from Future Star Technologies Corporation)
• V from Stanford, early 1980s^[3]
• FreeNOS, a microkernel educational operating system
• Genode "Operating System Framework" based on L4 microkernel

[edit]Free and open source non-Unix-like

• FullPliant (programming language-based)
• FreeDOS (open source DOS variant)
• FreeVMS (open source VMS variant)
• Haiku (open source inspired by BeOS, under development)
• Kinetic (written in Haskell)
• MonaOS (written in C++)
• ReactOS (Windows NT-compatible OS; currently in early, but active development phase)
• OZONE (object-oriented)
• MustiOS (156-bits operating system)
• Cosmos (written in C#)
• RenrakuOS (a family of managed research kernels)

[edit]Disk Operating Systems

Main article: DOS

• 86-DOS (developed at Seattle Computer Products by Tim Paterson for the new Intel 808x CPUs; licensed to Microsoft, became PC DOS/MS-DOS. Also known by its working title QDOS.)
  • PC DOS (IBM's DOS variant, developed jointly with Microsoft, versions 1.0 – 7, 2000)
  • MS-DOS (Microsoft's DOS variant for OEM, developed jointly with IBM, versions 1.x – 6. Microsoft's now abandoned DOS variant)
• FreeDOS (open source DOS variant)
• ProDOS (operating system for the Apple II series computers)
• PTS-DOS (DOS variant by Russian company Phystechsoft)
• RDOS by Leif Ekblad (not to be confused with Data General Corporation's "Real-time Disk Operating System" for Data General Nova and Data General Eclipse minicomputers).
• TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.) for Z80 and Intel 8086 processor-based systems
• Multi-tasking user interfaces and environments for DOS
  • DESQview+ QEMM 386 multi-tasking user interface for DOS
  • DESQView/X (X-windowing GUI for DOS)

[edit]Network Operating Systems

Main article: Network operating system

• Cambridge Ring
• CSIRONET by (CSIRO)
• CTOS (Convergent Technologies, later acquired by Unisys)
• Data ONTAP by NetApp
• SAN-OS by Cisco (now NX-OS)
• Enterprise OS by McDATA
• ExtremeWare by Extreme Networks
• ExtremeXOS by Extreme Networks
• Fabric OS by Brocade
• NetWare (networking OS by Novell)
• NOS (developed by CDC for use in their Cyber line of supercomputers)
• Novell Open Enterprise Server (Open Source networking OS by Novell. Can incorporate either SUSE Linux or Novell NetWare as its kernel).
• OliOS
• Plan 9 (distributed OS developed at Bell Labs, based on Unix design principles but not functionally identical)
  • Inferno (distributed OS derived from Plan 9, originally from Bell Labs)
  • Plan B (distributed OS derived from Plan 9 and Off++ microkernel)
• TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.)
• XPATH OS by Brocade
• JunOS by Juniper
• Cisco IOS by Cisco Systems

[edit]Web operating systems

Main article: Web operating system

• Chrome OS
• G.ho.st
• eyeOS
• DesktopTwo
• YouOS
• Browser OS
• Glide OS
• Lucid Desktop
• Icloud
• Joli OS

[edit]Generic/commodity and other

• BLIS/COBOL
• Bluebottle also known as AOS (a concurrent and active object update to the Oberon operating system)
• BS1000 by Siemens AG
• BS2000 by Siemens AG, now BS2000/OSD from Fujitsu-Siemens Computers (formerly Siemens Nixdorf Informationssysteme)
• BS3000 by Siemens AG (functionally similar to OS-IV and MSP from Fujitsu)
• FLEX9 (by TSC for Motorola 6809 based machines; successor to FLEX, which was for Motorola 6800 CPUs)
• GEM (windowing GUI for CP/M, DOS, and Atari TOS)
• GEOS (popular windowing GUI for PC, Commodore, Apple computers)
• JavaOS
• JNode JNode.org's OS written 99% in Java (native compiled), provides own JVM and JIT compiler. Based on GNU Classpath
• JX Java operating system that focuses on a flexible and robust operating system architecture developed as an open source system by the University of Erlangen.
• KERNAL (default OS on Commodore 64)
• MERLIN for the Corvus Concept
• MorphOS (Amiga compatible)
• MSP by Fujitsu (successor to OS-IV), now MSP/EX,^[4] also known as Extended System Architecture (EXA), for 31-bit mode
• nSystem by Luis Mateu at DCC, Universidad de Chile
• NetWare (networking OS by Novell)
• Oberon (operating system) (developed at ETH-Zürich by Niklaus Wirth et al.) for the Ceres and Chameleon workstation projects.
• OSD/XC by Fujitsu-Siemens (BS2000 ported to an emulation on a Sun SPARC platform)
• OS-IV by Fujitsu (based on early versions of IBM's MVS)
• Pick (often licensed and renamed)
• PRIMOS by Prime Computer (sometimes spelled PR1MOS and PR1ME)
• Sinclair QDOS (multitasking for the Sinclair QL computer)
• SSB-DOS (by TSC for Smoke Signal Broadcasting; a variant of FLEX in most respects)
• SymbOS (GUI based multitasking operating system for Z80 computers)
• Symobi (GUI based modern micro-kernel OS for x86, ARM and PowerPC processors, developed by Miray Software; used and developed further at Technical University of Munich)
• TripOS, 1978
• TurboDOS (Software 2000, Inc.)
• UCSD p-System (portable complete programming environment/operating system/virtual machine developed by a long running student project at UCSD; directed by Prof Kenneth Bowles; written inPascal)
• UMIX, made for the ICFP Programming Contest 2006.
• ScaraOS, a 32-bit mutiboot OS kernel for IA32
• VOS by Stratus Technologies with strong influence from Multics
• VOS by Hitachi for its IBM-compatible mainframes, based on IBM's MVS
• VM2000 by Siemens AG
• VisiOn (first GUI for early PC machines; not commercially successful)
• VPS/VM (IBM based, main operating system at Boston University for over 10 years.)
• aceos under GPL
• Miraculix Russian OS, under unknown license.

[edit]For Elektronika BK

• ANDOS
• AO-DOS
• BASIS
• CSI-DOS
• DOSB10
• DX-DOS
• FA-DOS
• HC-DOS
• KMON
• MicroDOS
• MK-DOS
• NORD
• NORTON-BK
• RAMON
• PascalDOS
• RT-11
  • ROM embedded
  • RT-11SJ
  • OS BK-11 (RT-11 version)
• Turbo-DOS
• BKUNIX
• OS/A WASP

[edit]Hobby

• AROS (AROS Research Operating System, formerly known as Amiga Research Operating System)
• AtheOS (branched to become Syllable Desktop)
  • Syllable Desktop (a modern, independently originated OS; see AtheOS)
• BareMetal OS (64-bit mono-tasking OS written in Assembly that includes SMP and Gigabit Ethernet support)
• DexOS (Games console OS, for x86, written in FASM)
• DSPnano RTOS FREE
• EROS (Extremely Reliable Operating System)
• eSTORM
• FAMOS (Foremost Advanced Memory Operating System)
• HelenOS, based on a preemptible microkernel design
• KolibriOS (a fork of MenuetOS)
• LSE/OS
• MenuetOS (extremely compact OS with GUI, written entirely in FASM assembly language)
• NewOS
• RoureXOS
• Unison RTOS FREE
• Visopsys (operating system for PC compatible computers)^[5]

[edit]Embedded

[edit]Personal digital assistants (PDAs)

• iOS (a subset of Mac OS X)
• Inferno (distributed OS originally from Bell Labs)
• PenPoint OS
• PEN/GEOS on HP OmniGo 100 and 120
• PVOS
• Palm OS from Palm, Inc; now spun off as PalmSource
• Symbian OS
• Windows CE, from Microsoft
  • Pocket PC from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE.
  • Windows Mobile from Microsoft, a variant of Windows CE.
• Embedded Linux
  • Android
  • OpenZaurus
  • Metano GNU/Linux from Pynell - Embedded Systems.^[6] A series of distributions for mobile devices
  • Ångström distribution
  • Familiar Linux
  • webOS from Palm, Inc.
  • Maemo based on Debian deployed on Nokia's Nokia 770, N800 and N810 Internet Tablets.
• DIP DOS on Atari Portfolio
• MS-DOS on Poqet PC, HP 95LX, HP 100LX, HP 200LX, HP 1000CX, HP OmniGo 700LX
• Newton OS on Apple Newton Messagepad
• VT-OS for the Vtech Helio
• Magic Cap
• NetBSD
• Plan 9 from Bell Labs

[edit]Digital media players

• DSPnano RTOS
• ipodlinux
• Pixo OS
• RockBox
• iOS (a subset of Mac OS X)
• iriver clix OS

[edit]Smartphones

• BlackBerry OS
• Embedded Linux
  • Access Linux Platform
  • Android
  • Metano Linux ME/LX Set of operational systems for mobile phones by Metano GNU/Linux series
  • bada
  • Openmoko Linux
  • OPhone
  • MeeGo (from merger of Maemo & Moblin)
  • Mobilinux
  • MotoMagx
  • Qt Extended
  • LiMo Platform
  • webOS
• iOS (a subset of Mac OS X)
• Palm OS
• Symbian platform (successor to Symbian OS)
• Windows Mobile (superseded by Windows Phone 7)

[edit]

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